A comprehensive review on the synthesis methods and wide-ranging applications of silver nanoparticles

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as one of the most extensively researched nanomaterials due to their exceptional physicochemical properties and broad-spectrum applications. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of AgNP synthesis methods, including physical, chemical, and biological approaches. Physical methods produce high-purity nanoparticles but require significant energy input. Chemical methods offer precise control over nanoparticle morphology but often involve hazardous reagents. In contrast, biological or green synthesis providing an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative. The diverse applications of AgNPs span multiple fields, including biomedicine, environmental science, and industrial sectors. Despite their significant potential, challenges such as scalability, environmental impact, and potential toxicity must be addressed to ensure the safe and effective utilization of AgNPs.