Diagnosis and treatment options for bladder cancer: A review

Bladder cancer is the most frequent kind of urinary tract cancer. We will look at the most recent breakthroughs in the diagnosis and treatment of this illness in this review. The most significant tools in the diagnosis and follow-up of bladder cancer are cystoscopy and urine cytology. Several options have been examined, either to minimise the frequency of cystoscopy or to increase its sensitivity for tumour identification. Urine-based markers and point-of-care testing are examples of this. When compared to routine resection under white light, narrow-band imaging and photodynamic diagnosis/blue-light cystoscopy have showed promise in improving identification and minimising recurrence of bladder tumours by enhancing bladder resection completeness. The majority of individuals diagnosed with bladder cancer for the first time have non-muscle-invasive disease, which necessitates adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy. The latest advancements in intravesical post-resection regimens are presented. Both laparoscopic radical cystectomy and robot-assisted radical cystectomy have been proven to minimise peri-operative morbidity while being oncologically equal to open radical cystectomy in the medium term for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Bladder-preserving methods include resection and chemoradiation, and in certain cases, they are as effective as surgery. These novel techniques are also examined in terms of their development, benefits, and drawbacks.