Future spectrum allocation for mobile broadband and Internet of Things

The continuous growth of wireless communication technologies has heightened the demand for spectrum availability, underscoring the importance of dynamic spectrum access strategies. TV White Spaces and TV Gray Spaces represent underutilized spectrum opportunities within licensed TV bands. This paper provides a comprehensive review of advancements in TV White Spaces and TV Gray Spaces technologies, focusing on their applications in Internet of Things, low-power wide-area networks, smart grids, and rural broadband connectivity. The paper highlights state-of-the-art trends in cognitive radio systems, spectrum assessment methodologies, and regulatory frameworks across various regions. Challenges such as coexistence, interference, and spatial-temporal variability are analyzed. Finally, future trends, including integration with future technologies, advanced spectrum sharing, and energy-efficient network designs, are discussed to pave the way for scalable and sustainable spectrum management.