A study on electrolyte abnormalities in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a significant respiratory disorder characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitations. Acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) are associated with systemic complications, including electrolyte imbalances, which can worsen clinical outcomes. This study investigates the prevalence and impact of electrolyte disturbances in AECOPD patients.

Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Karnataka, India, from May 2023 to May 2024. A total of 100 COPD patients aged 40 years or older presenting with acute exacerbations were included. Data on demographics, comorbidities, severity of COPD (GOLD classification), and prior exacerbations were collected. Serum levels of sodium, potassium, and calcium were analyzed. Statistical analyses included Chi-square and ANOVA tests.

Results: The mean age of participants was 62.4 ± 8.3 years, with 72% being male. Hyponatremia (<135 mEq/L) was present in 76% of patients, with a mean sodium level of 132.43 ± 12.76 mEq/L. Hypokalemia (<3.5 mEq/L) was observed in 81%, with a mean potassium level of 3.23 ± 0.08 mEq/L, and hypocalcemia (<7 mg/dL) was identified in 85%, with a mean calcium level of 6.35 ± 0.98 mg/dL. Electrolyte imbalances were more severe in GOLD Stage IV, with sodium at 125.87 ± 14.29 mEq/L, potassium at 2.32 ± 0.32 mEq/L, and calcium at 4.76 ± 1.05 mg/dL.

Conclusion: Electrolyte abnormalities are common in AECOPD patients, particularly in severe cases. Regular monitoring and correction of these disturbances can improve respiratory function, muscle strength, and overall clinical outcomes. Further research is needed to explore underlying mechanisms and therapeutic interventions.